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Casuarina equisetifolia

L. (1759)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-Rosids Order: Fagales Family: Casuarinaceae Genus: Casuarina

Australian pine, beefwood, common ironwood, ironwood, paina, she oak, toa

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Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Evergreen nitrogen–fixing trees 10–20 m tall.

Stems: Branches long, slender, the tips drooping, pubescent.

Roots:

Leaves: Leaves simple, minute, reduced. Whorled, 4–20 per node. Leaves scale-like. Margins entire. Sessile. Stipules absent.

Flowers: Flowers in staminate flowers in spikes on lateral branches, pistillate flowers in dense, head-like clusters on short lateral branches, staminate flowers consisting of a stamen subtended by a bract and 2 pairs of small bracteoles, the inner pair caducous at anthesis, anthers dithecal, basifixed, opening lengthwise. Flowers unisexual, small and inconspicuous. Calyx (sepals) absent. Corolla (petals) absent. Staminate flowers with a single stamen; anthers dithecal, basifixed, opening lengthwise. Ovary superior (pistillate flowers), solitary, 2 carpels, only 1 fertile; ovules 2 in the fertile cell; styles 2, short, terminal; stigmas long, decurrent. Staminate flowers ovary absent.

Fruit: Nuts 6–7 mm long (incl. wing); fruit a 1–seeded; flattened; apically winged nut; somewhat woody cones; each nut enclosed in the woody bracteoles that separate at maturity and give the appearance of an opened capsules. Seeds with seed coat adnate to pericarp; endosperm absent.

Ploidy: 2n = 18

Habitat: Naturalized or persisting from cultivation in low elevation; dry areas; often used as windbreaks.

Elevation Range:

Historical Distribution

Images

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Uses and Culture

USES

Natural History

Statewide Status

Naturalized

Island Status

Mokupāpapa (Kure atoll) Naturalized
Ni'ihau(Incl. Lehua) Naturalized
Kuaihelani (Midway Atoll) Naturalized
Kaua'i Naturalized
Manawai (Pearl & Hermes Atoll) Naturalized
O'ahu Naturalized
Kapou(Lisianski Island) Naturalized
Molokai Naturalized
Kamole(Laysan Island) Naturalized
Lana'i Naturalized
Kaho'olawe Naturalized
Lalo (French Frigate Shoals) Naturalized
Maui Naturalized
Hawai'i Naturalized

Dispersal Agents

Water/Ocean
Wind
Forestry

Vegetative Reproduction

Pollinators

Notes

  • Description digitized by Mercedez
  • Description digitized from the Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii
  • First collected on O'ahu in 1895
  • First collected on O'ahu in 1895 (Heller 1955, BISH), but probably introduced to Hawai'i by P. Isenberg, who planted trees at Kilohana Crater, Kaua'i, in 188
  • Wind–pollinated.

Bibliography

Name Published In: Amoen. Acad. 4: 143 (1759)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:528 (Ku, Mi, PH, Li, La, FF, Ni, K, O, Mo, L, M, Ka, H); Staples & Herbst 2005:228 (KEY), 229 (DESCR); Wichman & St. John 1990 (remove Ni [plants noted as cult.]); Starr & Martz 1999/Young 120 BISH (PH†, 1964); Starr & Martz 1999/Herbst 6502 BISH (Li†, 1980)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Description Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Casuarina equisetifolia Bishop Museum grounds; elevation ca. 80'. Near Pauahi Hall Preserved_Specimen Leu, M. 51 Oahu BISH 1987-11-30
2 Casuarina equisetifolia Hamakua HUMAN_OBSERVATION Friday, J.B. Hawaii 7/3/2004
3 Casuarina equisetifolia Kawaihapai between Kaena Point and Kaiaka Bay, north shore Preserved_Specimen Harris, J.A. 242205 Oahu BISH 1924-09-04
4 Casuarina equisetifolia Pearl City- Girl Scout camp Preserved_Specimen Neal, M.C. Oahu BISH 1940-10-31
5 Casuarina equisetifolia Burm Island, Keehi Lagoon Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 6072 Oahu BISH 1978-04-30
6 Casuarina equisetifolia Kawainui Marsh near Kailua Rd. At site of former Kailua Nursery. Also found near Kailua levee Preserved_Specimen Smith, L.B. 137 Oahu BISH 1976-05-24
7 Casuarina equisetifolia Kaena Point Preserved_Specimen Luke, K. 27 Oahu BISH 1960-07-12
8 Casuarina equisetifolia Kure Atoll Preserved_Specimen Lamoureux, C.H. 1886 Kure Atoll BISH 1961-09-12
9 Casuarina equisetifolia Kilauea Point Preserved_Specimen Long, C.R. 3018 Kauai BISH 1965-05-06
10 Casuarina equisetifolia Kukaimanini near Kawela Bay Preserved_Specimen Neal, M.C. Oahu BISH 1938-08-04
11 Casuarina equisetifolia Oahu, no specific locality given Preserved_Specimen van Royen, P. Oahu BISH 1968-02-18
12 Casuarina equisetifolia Islet off Malaekahana-Mokuauia Preserved_Specimen Neal, M.C. Oahu BISH 1938-06-19
13 Casuarina equisetifolia 3720 Pahoa Ave., Kaimuki Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. Oahu BISH 1917-01-01
14 Casuarina equisetifolia Manoa Preserved_Specimen Russ, G.W. Oahu BISH 1932-01-01
15 Casuarina equisetifolia Kure Island, on lagoon edge, near radar reflector tower Preserved_Specimen Clay, H.F. Kure Atoll BISH 1959-10-03
16 Casuarina equisetifolia Kapapa Islet Preserved_Specimen Neal, M.C. Oahu BISH 1938-09-24
17 Casuarina equisetifolia Laniloa Point Preserved_Specimen Neal, M.C. Oahu BISH 1938-07-31
18 Casuarina equisetifolia Milolii Beach Preserved_Specimen Corn, C. Kauai BISH 1984-07-16
19 Casuarina equisetifolia Pauoa Flats Preserved_Specimen Caum, E.L. Oahu BISH 1933-05-25
20 Casuarina equisetifolia Kapapa, Oahu. Center of islet Covers the entire center of islet. Preserved_Specimen Dominant. Starr, F. 5041850 Oahu BISH 2005-04-18
21 Casuarina equisetifolia Honolulu, HTU-HC soccer field sandy clay Preserved_Specimen arborescent, tree, 40', upright, stragly McCulloch, R. 12 Oahu BISH 1975-04-11
22 Casuarina equisetifolia Kure Preserved_Specimen Corn, C. Kure Atoll BISH 1979-01-03
23 Casuarina equisetifolia Naturalized in Glenwood along Hwy from forestry plantings Preserved_Specimen Stemmermann, R.L. 6937 Hawaii BISH 1985-04-26
24 Casuarina equisetifolia Waikiki Preserved_Specimen Heller, A.A. 1955 Oahu BISH 1895-03-20
25 Casuarina equisetifolia Honolulu, Maile Way, U. of H. campus, NW entrance to campus Preserved_Specimen Young, D.A. 1634 Oahu BISH 1979-01-18
26 Casuarina equisetifolia Lanai Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 537 Lanai BISH
27 Casuarina equisetifolia Laie On the beach; common in Hawaii, abundant along the coast. Preserved_Specimen Veg. type: (Naupaka, beach morning glory, passion flower). A tall tree which bears pine cones. Has small red flowers. Brandow, C.T. 47 Oahu BISH 1967-05-12
28 Casuarina equisetifolia Honolulu, Hukilau Beach sandy soil Preserved_Specimen tree 15-140 in. Yao, M. 1 Oahu BISH 1968-01-10
29 Casuarina equisetifolia East Maui, Hana District, Ka Iwi O Pele Secondary forest dominated by Hibiscus, Eucalyptus, Casuarina, Schinus and Ardisia. Steep NE slope. Preserved_Specimen Dominate tree, to 20 ft. tall. Flynn, T.W. 2623 Maui BISH 1987-11-13
30 Casuarina equisetifolia Hauula, Kakela Beach Sandy soil; distribution widespread. Slope 8 ft. Preserved_Specimen Tree. White, P.T. Oahu BISH 1977-04-12
31 Casuarina equisetifolia Kahuku Golf Course sandy, wind swept coast Preserved_Specimen pine tree with flowers; jointed needles Smith, M. 18 Oahu BISH 1986-02-04
32 Casuarina equisetifolia West side at edge of Scaevola, Eragrostis, Boerhavia association on high beach Preserved_Specimen 3 trees 4 m tall Young, A.L. 133 Lisianski Island BISH 1964-08-21
33 Casuarina equisetifolia Kapaa, along Moanakai Rd along beach w/occasional plants of Scaevola and Messerschmidia Preserved_Specimen Tree 30' tall; dbh 14'. Leaves reduced to a sheath of 8-12 scale like teeth. Branchlets ribbed, to 35 cm long. Fruit a cone like structure, 2.5 cm long Spence, G. 150 Kauai BISH 1973-04-13
34 Casuarina equisetifolia Haleiwa Sandy soil. Veg type: (grass and bushes). Preserved_Specimen Tall tree up to 150 ft.; spiny needles. Aki, J. 51 Oahu BISH 1969-11-13
35 Casuarina equisetifolia Inland with rich soil, around Napaka Preserved_Specimen Invasive. Al-Bayer, S. Kure Atoll BISH
36 Casuarina equisetifolia Kahuku Hilly; sandy loam soil. Trees scattered. Preserved_Specimen tree. Pine needles and pine cones- green. Hai, N. 60 Oahu BISH 1975-02-10
37 Casuarina equisetifolia Na Pali Coast, Nualolo Kai, near sea level Growing near shore. Preserved_Specimen Tree. Corn, C. 432 Kauai BISH 1979-07-20
38 Casuarina equisetifolia Salt marsh ironwood, longleaf ironwood, southwest of Lua Makika Forestry planting southwest of Lua Makika @1400 ft Preserved_Specimen Trees approximately 12-15 ft. tall Clarke, G. 216 Kahoolawe BISH 1980-04-25
39 Casuarina equisetifolia Kahuku, Turtle Bay sandy shoreline Preserved_Specimen Sanchez, S. 2 Oahu BISH 1986-03-26
40 Casuarina equisetifolia BYU-HC by gym sandy, clay Preserved_Specimen leaves reduced to scales forming a toothed collar; tree; flowers separate, male and female Utai, M. 847 Oahu BISH 1975-03-01
41 Casuarina equisetifolia Kau district. By Keauhou shelter single planted tree Preserved_Specimen Herat, T. 870 Hawaii BISH 1974-07-01
42 Casuarina equisetifolia Koloa District. Kalaheo, Kukuiolono Golf Course, east of picnic pavilion, Casuarina grove by telecom towers and stone utilities building. Mowed grassy area Preserved_Specimen Tree 20 m tall, trunk 1m dbh, bark blackish, scaling; crown spreading, branchlets pendulous, glaucous green, with 7 teeth Fruit brown, fallen. Planted no root suckers seen Lorence, D.H. 10848 Kauai BISH 2021-02-23
43 Casuarina equisetifolia Top of west beach Edge of Scaevola-Eragrostis area. Sandy top of storm beach. Preserved_Specimen Flower reddish purple. Two trees here, planted. Shelton, P.C. 411 Lisianski Island BISH 1966-06-19
44 Casuarina equisetifolia NW side of island sandy substratum Preserved_Specimen tree 15-20 ft. Tsuda, R.T. Laysan Island BISH 1963-12-04
45 Casuarina equisetifolia E central part of islnd, slope of Moaula, elev. ca, 1200 ft. Planted tree about 40' tall in Andropogon pertusus grassland. Preserved_Specimen Cuddihy, L.W. 424 Kahoolawe BISH 1980-04-25
46 Casuarina equisetifolia Southeast Island Shurb 0.8 m. tall between Cynodon fields and tower with Boerhavia, Setaria and Tribulus. Preserved_Specimen Young, A.L. 120 Pearl & Hermes Atoll BISH 1964-08-19
47 Casuarina equisetifolia Puu Ku Dominant. Much of the west face of the islet is covered with ironwood, where it grows to the exclusion of virtually everything else. Some trees appear to be cut back but have regrown. There are many seedlings and saplings, some on virtually inaccessible pinnacles. A few small ones on summit and sides of tallest rock west of Puu Ku. Preserved_Specimen Starr, F. 6042216 Maui BISH 2006-04-22
48 Casuarina equisetifolia Laie Abundant in mountain areas. Preserved_Specimen Tree; drooping green needles; cone ellipsoidal. Higuchi, G.T. 48 Oahu BISH 1971-05-07
49 Casuarina equisetifolia Honolulu, Kahuku Golf Course sandy soil Preserved_Specimen tree with appearance of pine Guinto, J. 1 Oahu BISH 1986-02-04
50 Casuarina equisetifolia Honolulu, across PCC, right off Kam Hwy sandy loam Preserved_Specimen trees 10-15 ft. Ali, S. 12 Oahu BISH 1969-05-12
51 Casuarina equisetifolia probably SE island between Cynodon fields and tower with Boerhavia, Setaria, and Tribulus Preserved_Specimen shrub 0.8 m Young, A.L. 120 Pearl & Hermes Atoll BISH 1964-08-19
52 Casuarina equisetifolia Koolau Poko District; Mokapu Peninsula Marine Corps Base Hawaii, Kaneohe Bay, Hale Koa Beach Growing in sand on the beach. Preserved_Specimen Tree ca. 25 ft. tall w/pendant branchlets. Herbst, D.R. 9740 Oahu BISH 1995-12-05
53 Casuarina equisetifolia Top of west beach Edge of Scaevola-Eragrostis area. Sandy top of storm beach. Preserved_Specimen Flower reddish purple. Two trees here, planted. Shelton, P.C. 411 Lisianski Island BISH 1966-06-19
54 Casuarina equisetifolia Former Naval Air Station Barbers Point, Northern Trap & Skeet Range On bare scraped limestone. With Waltheria indica, Leucaena leucocephala, Prosopis palida, Pluchea, and Psilotum nudum. Preserved_Specimen 4 m tall tree. 10 cm long photosynthetic branchlets. Abandoned paperwasp nest in braches. BISH staff 40 Oahu BISH 2021-05-04
55 Casuarina equisetifolia Mokuauia Island, Laie coral sand Preserved_Specimen shrub 4 m, styles maroon red, fruit immature Fosberg, F.R. 14160 Oahu BISH 1937-07-04
56 Casuarina equisetifolia East Maui, Kailua Gulch along 2 1/2 mile boundary between H>C> &S. sugar cane fields 209 and 500. About 1/4 mi from tournahauler road leading from Haleakala Hwy. to Paia. Preserved_Specimen Tree about 80' tall Female if about 1 long, 1/2 to 3/4 wide, oblong w/ flattened ends. Male strobili at ends of branchlets. Monecious. Ishikawa, S. 23 Maui BISH 1972-01-02
57 Casuarina equisetifolia East Maui, Hana District. Kalahu Point, PTBG Kahanu Garden 0-50ft. Along Honomaele Stream on the Garden's eastern boundary. Disturbed area subject to frequent inundation by flood waters. Preserved_Specimen Trees of ca 40ft. Flynn, T.W. 2452 Maui BISH 1987-10-15
58 Casuarina equisetifolia Ironwood Golf Course Preserved_Specimen Upright; narrow graceful tree 25' tall w/weeping foliage; trunk 12-15 diam.; bark gray-brown; smooth w/moderate furrowing. Evans, M. 34 Molokai BISH 1990-07-01
59 Casuarina equisetifolia Kapapa Islet, Kaneohe Bay raised coral reef with shallow, sandy soil Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 6120 Oahu BISH 1978-05-24
60 Casuarina equisetifolia Kailua, Kailua Park alt. 1m Preserved_Specimen Tree 15m. tall; filaments dark crimson Fosberg, F.R. 10911 Oahu BISH 1935-06-02
61 Casuarina equisetifolia Laie; Hukilau Beach Sandy soil; heights vary from 15 to 140 ft. Scattered distribution. Preserved_Specimen tree. Yao, M. 1 Oahu BISH 1968-01-10
62 Casuarina equisetifolia Tern Islet Preserved_Specimen Lamoureux, C.H. 1651 French Frigate Shoals BISH 1961-09-02
63 Casuarina equisetifolia Pioneer on lava flows, Near Kapoho, 20 mi se of Hilo Preserved_Specimen small tree 30 ft., 8 in. diam., introduced. Little Jr., E.L. 31059 Hawaii BISH 1976-08-17
64 Casuarina equisetifolia near east shore Preserved_Specimen tree Shelton, P.C. 409 Lisianski Island BISH 1966-06-18
65 Casuarina equisetifolia Kalaupapa; airport, oceanview pavilion Preserved_Specimen tree Wysong, M.L. 404 Molokai BISH 2004-11-11
66 Casuarina equisetifolia Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Near the refuge sign. Preserved_Specimen Only this one infertile tree. Conant, S. 178 Laysan Island BISH 1983-07-25
67 Casuarina equisetifolia East Maui, Hana District, Kauiki, on the E side of Hana Bay Dominated by Casuarina planted in late 1930s but with numerous other alien species. Red sand beach. Preserved_Specimen Tree of 30 ft. Staminate spikes dark red. Flynn, T.W. 2501 Maui BISH 1987-10-21
68 Casuarina equisetifolia Kaamooloa Road, Waialua silty loam Preserved_Specimen tree to 80'; tall, straight, needle-like leaves, seed pods like cone Afualo, D. 2 Oahu BISH 1975-02-09
69 Casuarina equisetifolia Lihue, Niumalu Flat; tidal flats of Huleia Stream at Nawiliwili Bay with Rhizophora and Thespesia Preserved_Specimen stunted trees of 8 ft. Flynn, T.W. 2135 Kauai BISH 1987-04-03
70 Casuarina equisetifolia Laie Sandy loam soil. Veg. type: (trees, naupaka, grasses, beach morning-glory. Widely distributed. Preserved_Specimen Tree Beckham, N. 42 Oahu BISH 1962-04-10
71 Casuarina equisetifolia Hauula Mountain range, on the second ridge Scattered distribution. Few trees. Preserved_Specimen trees. Herat, T. 221 Oahu BISH 1972-08-23
72 Casuarina equisetifolia Diamond Head S. rim of crater; one of 3 trees Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 10534 Oahu BISH 1930-05-10
73 Casuarina equisetifolia Mokuauia island Preserved_Specimen to 5 m Long, C.R. 1737 Oahu BISH 1964-05-16
74 Casuarina equisetifolia Green Island Preserved_Specimen tree Herbst, D.R. 6264 Kure Atoll BISH 1979-01-04
75 Casuarina equisetifolia Kailua, Kailua Park Preserved_Specimen tree, 12 m Fosberg, F.R. 10912 Oahu BISH 1935-06-02
76 Casuarina equisetifolia Near refuge sign Preserved_Specimen Only one tree, in fertile St.John, H. 23658 Niihau BISH 1948-04-02
77 Casuarina equisetifolia Kalalau Trail, first mile or so Preserved_Specimen fruits immature Wagner, W.L. 5179 Kauai BISH 1983-12-21
78 Casuarina equisetifolia Sand islet at inner NW corner of triangle formed by seaplane runways, Keehi Lagoon Preserved_Specimen tree Herbst, D.R. 1957 Oahu BISH 1971-06-13
79 Casuarina equisetifolia On sandy substratum on NW side of island. Laysan Island, Hawaiian Archepelago Preserved_Specimen One tree growing about 15-20 ft high. Tsuda, R.T. 487 Laysan Island BISH 1963-12-04
80 Casuarina equisetifolia camp area, NW part of island Preserved_Specimen single, old tree Herbst, D.R. 6529 Laysan Island BISH 1980-07-14
81 Casuarina equisetifolia Manoa Campus, U. of H. No.47 on map Preserved_Specimen tree with slender, dull-green, drooping branches Herbst, D.R. 557 Oahu BISH 1967-08-29
82 Casuarina equisetifolia Hilo, Richardson's Beach Park HUMAN_OBSERVATION Friday, J.B. Hawaii 8/11/2003
83 Casuarina equisetifolia Moomomi, east of bay with small pavilion Preserved_Specimen Wind-sheared low tree, 6ft. tall, on open, sun-seared coastal bluff, substrate coralline Mill, S.W. 496 Molokai BISH 1986-10-13
84 Casuarina equisetifolia Mahulepu, between Kawailoa Bay and Pakamoi Preserved_Specimen tree ~60 ft. Flynn, T.W. 1878 Kauai BISH 1986-09-02
85 Casuarina equisetifolia Oahu Preserved_Specimen (abnormal branch). Twigg-Smith Oahu BISH 1934-01-02
86 Casuarina equisetifolia Lanihuli ridge trail Preserved_Specimen MacDaniels, L.H. 190 Oahu BISH 1927-01-23
87 Casuarina equisetifolia Honolulu, King St Preserved_Specimen Grant, M.L. 7353 Oahu BISH 1934-09-10
88 Casuarina equisetifolia Popoia Islet, Oahu. Near landing Preserved_Specimen Rare. One small seedling found near landing and pulled. Starr, F. 502232 Oahu BISH 2005-02-23
89 Casuarina equisetifolia Lawai Valley, NTBG, Westside of Lawai Stream, far west end of Allerton beach next to Thespesia populnea Preserved_Specimen wood is heavy Johnson, H.E. 231213 Kauai BISH 2003-05-21
90 Casuarina equisetifolia Tern Islet, N central side of the island Preserved_Specimen tree, about 15 ft. Herbst, D.R. 6227 French Frigate Shoals BISH 1978-09-11
91 Casuarina equisetifolia Honolulu, Maile Way, U. of H. campus Preserved_Specimen tree, 10 m Fosberg, F.R. 8813 Oahu BISH 1932-09-12
92 Casuarina equisetifolia in front of campsite above boat landing on NW side of island Preserved_Specimen single tree 4 m Lamoureux, C.H. 1676 Laysan Island BISH 1961-09-05
93 Casuarina equisetifolia near east shore Preserved_Specimen tree Shelton, P.C. 409 Lisianski Island BISH 1966-06-18
94 Casuarina equisetifolia Mokulua South, Oahu. Southwest ridge Preserved_Specimen Rare. Patches on southwest ridge Starr, F. 5022315 Oahu BISH 2005-02-23
95 Casuarina equisetifolia SW part of island Preserved_Specimen half dead tree Herbst, D.R. 6502 Lisianski Island BISH 1980-07-11
96 Casuarina equisetifolia Forestry exclosure, eastern-central part of island, NW of Lua Makika and NE of Moa'ula Exclosure surrounded by barren hardpan. Preserved_Specimen Cuddihy, L.W. 414 Kahoolawe BISH 1980-04-24
97 Casuarina equisetifolia Planted on road near Honua Hawaii, South Hilo District Preserved_Specimen Tree 30 ft tall. Pung, E. 332 Hawaii BISH 1981-12-02
98 Casuarina equisetifolia Southeast Island Shurb 0.8 m. tall between Cynodon fields and tower with Boerhavia, Setaria and Tribulus. Preserved_Specimen Young, A.L. 120 Pearl & Hermes Atoll BISH 1964-08-19
99 Casuarina equisetifolia roadside between Lihue and Lawai, nr. Koloa Jct Preserved_Specimen tree Stone, B.C. 741 Kauai BISH 1955-06-15
100 Casuarina equisetifolia Kapapa Islet, Kaneohe Bay Preserved_Specimen wind-clipped shrub, 3 m Fosberg, F.R. 14027 Oahu BISH 1937-06-06
101 Casuarina equisetifolia Honolulu, Kamehameha Hts Preserved_Specimen magenta female flowers Wilder, G.P. Oahu BISH 1931-04-07
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